Summary of the Chapter-16-Sustainable Management of Natural Resources:
- Our essential natural resources, including forests, wildlife, water, coal, and petroleum, need to be managed sustainably to ensure they are available for future generations.
- Adopting the practices of "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" can significantly lessen the strain on the environment.
- Forest management must account for the interests of various stakeholders, including local communities, industries, conservationists, and the government.
- The construction of large dams has wide-ranging social, economic, and environmental impacts, but there are alternative, localized solutions that empower communities to manage their own water resources.
- Fossil fuels like coal and petroleum will eventually run out, making it crucial to use them wisely due to their environmental impact from combustion.
NCERT Based MCQ with Explanation:
1. What is the primary goal of sustainable development?
(a) Maximize the extraction of resources
(b) Ensure resources meet current human needs without compromising future needs
(c) Promote industrial growth
(d) Preserve resources for future generations by stopping their usage
Explanation: Sustainable development focuses on meeting the current human needs while ensuring that future generations will have access to the same resources.
2. What are the three R’s to save the environment?
(a) Rebuild, Recover, Reuse
(b) Reduce, Recycle, Reuse
(c) Reconstruct, Reorganize, Reduce
(d) Replenish, Recycle, Renew
Explanation: The three R’s stand for reducing the usage of resources, recycling materials, and reusing products to minimize waste and preserve resources.
3. Why should we use natural resources carefully?
(a) They are unlimited and will never run out
(b) They are finite and the demand is increasing rapidly
(c) They are constantly replenished by nature
(d) They belong to specific nations
Explanation: Natural resources are limited, and with an increasing global population, the demand for these resources is growing, leading to a need for careful management.
4. What type of pollution is indicated by the presence of coliform bacteria in water?
(a) Chemical pollution
(b) Air pollution
(c) Thermal pollution
(d) Microbial contamination
Explanation: Coliform bacteria in water indicate microbial contamination, often due to human or animal waste, and can lead to waterborne diseases.
5. Which of the following is NOT a stakeholder in forest resource management?
(a) Local communities
(b) Industrialists
(c) Nature enthusiasts
(d) Foreign governments
Explanation: While local communities, industrialists, and nature enthusiasts have a direct interest in forests, foreign governments do not play a role in local forest resource management.
6. What is the Chipko Movement associated with?
(a) Air pollution control
(b) Water conservation
(c) Protection of trees and forests
(d) Animal conservation
Explanation: The Chipko Movement, which began in the 1970s, was aimed at preventing deforestation by locals hugging trees to prevent them from being cut down.
7. What does recycling primarily help with?
(a) Increasing consumption of raw materials
(b) Reducing the need for new raw materials
(c) Making products cheaper
(d) Increasing industrial production
Explanation: Recycling helps in minimizing the extraction of new raw materials, thus conserving natural resources.
8. Which of the following best defines the term "biodiversity hot spot"?
(a) Areas with a large number of species
(b) Areas rich in minerals
(c) Regions with severe deforestation
(d) Places with high pollution levels
Explanation: Biodiversity hot spots are regions with an exceptionally high number of species, making them critical for conservation efforts.
9. The Ganga Action Plan was initiated to address:
(a) Air pollution
(b) Water scarcity
(c) The pollution of the river Ganga
(d) Forest conservation
Explanation: The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 to reduce the pollution in the river Ganga by controlling untreated sewage and industrial effluents.
10. What is the main reason for constructing large dams?
(a) To promote fishing
(b) To store water for irrigation and generate electricity
(c) To create tourist attractions
(d) To increase forest cover
Explanation: Large dams are built to store water for agricultural irrigation and to generate hydroelectric power.
11. What is the major environmental issue associated with coal and petroleum usage?
(a) Deforestation
(b) Global warming due to the release of carbon dioxide
(c) Overpopulation
(d) Loss of biodiversity
Explanation: Burning coal and petroleum releases large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.
12. Which traditional system of irrigation is mentioned in the chapter as being used in Himachal Pradesh?
(a) Nadis
(b) Kulhs
(c) Bundhis
(d) Eris
Explanation: Kulhs are man-made channels used in Himachal Pradesh to divert water from streams for irrigation purposes.
13. Which one of the following is NOT a method of water harvesting in India?
(a) Khadins
(b) Bundhis
(c) Eris
(d) Aquifers
Explanation: Aquifers are underground layers of water-bearing rock, while the others are traditional water harvesting systems used in India.
14. What does the term "watershed management" refer to?
(a) Urban planning
(b) Soil and water conservation to increase biomass production
(c) Waste management
(d) Industrial development
Explanation: Watershed management focuses on conserving soil and water to improve the productivity of land and water resources.
15. Why is the equitable distribution of resources important?
(a) To maximize profit for industries
(b) To ensure that resources benefit everyone and not just a few
(c) To reduce costs
(d) To increase consumption
Explanation: Equitable distribution ensures that all sections of society benefit from natural resources, preventing exploitation by a select few.
16. What is one advantage of reusing materials over recycling?
(a) It creates more waste
(b) Reusing requires less energy than recycling
(c) It requires complex machinery
(d) Reusing is more expensive than recycling
Explanation: Reusing involves using products again without reprocessing them, which saves energy compared to recycling.
17. Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?
(a) Solar energy
(b) Wind energy
(c) Coal
(d) Hydroelectric power
Explanation: Coal is a non-renewable resource as it takes millions of years to form, and once used, it cannot be replenished on a human timescale.
18. What does the term "fossil fuels" refer to?
(a) Renewable sources of energy
(b) Energy obtained from ancient biological materials
(c) Solar and wind energy
(d) Energy from water bodies
Explanation: Fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, are derived from the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years.
19. Which of the following contributes the most to the pollution of the Ganga River?
(a) Agricultural run-off
(b) Industrial effluents and untreated sewage
(c) Domestic use of water
(d) Tourism activities
Explanation: A major cause of pollution in the Ganga is untreated sewage and industrial waste being discharged into the river.
20. What is the main goal of the Chipko Movement?
(a) Promote tourism in forest areas
(b) Prevent deforestation and preserve biodiversity
(c) Promote industrial use of forest products
(d) Encourage the use of pesticides in agriculture
Explanation: The Chipko Movement sought to prevent deforestation by having locals physically hug trees to prevent their felling.
21. Which of the following traditional irrigation methods is used in Rajasthan?
(a) Khadins
(b) Kulhs
(c) Eris
(d) Pynes
22. What is a key issue with large dams in India?
(a) They provide no economic benefits
(b) They can lead to social and environmental problems, including displacement of local communities
(c) They generate little electricity
(d) They reduce tourism
23. Which forest product is commonly used in the bidi industry?
(a) Bamboo
(b) Tendu leaves
(c) Teak
(d) Eucalyptus
24. What role do industries play in the over-exploitation of forest resources?
(a) They promote sustainable use of forests
(b) They seek to maximize short-term profits and raw material extraction
(c) They protect biodiversity
(d) They support reforestation programs
25. What type of water pollution is caused by bathing, washing clothes, and immersion of ashes or corpses in the Ganga River?
(a) Chemical pollution
(b) Microbial pollution
(c) Thermal pollution
(d) Noise pollution
26. What is the purpose of "check dams" in traditional water harvesting systems?
(a) To store large quantities of water permanently
(b) To recharge groundwater and prevent evaporation
(c) To create large lakes for fishing
(d) To generate hydroelectric power
27. What is the most significant threat posed by the burning of coal and petroleum?
(a) Increasing biodiversity
(b) Reducing greenhouse gases
(c) Contributing to global warming by releasing carbon dioxide
(d) Producing more oxygen
28. How can individuals reduce their consumption of coal and petroleum?
(a) By increasing the use of personal vehicles
(b) By using energy-efficient appliances and public transportation
(c) By consuming more fossil fuels
(d) By avoiding the use of public transport
29. What was the primary objective of the Ganga Action Plan?
(a) To conserve wildlife along the Ganga
(b) To promote industrial development along the river
(c) To clean and restore the water quality of the Ganga
(d) To build dams on the river Ganga
30. Which type of ecosystem service is provided by forests?
(a) Industrial raw materials only
(b) Recreational activities only
(c) Carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation
(d) None of the above
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