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Summary of the Chapter-7-How Do Organisms Reproduce? with Key-Points:
- Unlike other life processes, reproduction is not necessary for the survival of an individual organism.
- Reproduction involves the creation of a DNA copy and necessary cellular structures by the cell taking part in the process.
- Different organisms reproduce in various ways depending on their biological makeup.
- In fission, bacteria and protozoa split into two or more daughter cells.
- Some organisms, like hydra, can regenerate from broken parts and also produce buds that grow into new individuals.
- Roots, stems, and leaves of certain plants can develop into new plants through vegetative propagation, a form of asexual reproduction.
- Asexual reproduction creates new organisms from a single parent without the involvement of two individuals.
- Sexual reproduction, on the other hand, requires two individuals for the formation of a new organism.
- DNA replication introduces variations that are important for the survival of a species, with sexual reproduction generating even more genetic diversity.
- In flowering plants, pollination transfers pollen from the anther to the stigma, followed by fertilization.
- Puberty brings bodily changes, such as breast development in girls and facial hair in boys, which signal sexual maturity.
- The male reproductive system includes the testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra, and penis, responsible for sperm production.
- The female reproductive system comprises the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
- Human sexual reproduction occurs when sperm is introduced into the female's vagina, with fertilization taking place in the fallopian tube.
- Pregnancy can be prevented through contraception methods such as condoms, oral pills, and devices like the copper-T
1. What is the primary function of DNA in the process of reproduction?
(a) To make proteins
(b) To control cell division
(c) To store genetic information
(d) To regulate cell metabolism
Explanation: DNA serves as the blueprint for all genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next. It contains the instructions needed for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all living organisms.
2. Which of the following organisms reproduces by binary fission?
(a) Hydra
(b) Amoeba
(c) Bryophyllum
(d) Plasmodium
Explanation: Amoeba reproduces through binary fission, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. In contrast, Hydra reproduces through budding, Bryophyllum through vegetative propagation, and Plasmodium by multiple fission.
3. What is the significance of variation in reproduction?
(a) It increases the population size rapidly
(b) It ensures that organisms reproduce faster
(c) It provides adaptability to changing environments
(d) It guarantees identical offspring
Explanation: Variations produced during reproduction help species adapt to environmental changes. These variations increase the likelihood of survival in changing conditions.
4. Which mode of reproduction is used by yeast?
(a) Binary fission
(b) Fragmentation
(c) Budding
(d) Spore formation
Explanation: Yeast reproduces asexually through budding, where a new organism grows from a small projection on the parent organism and eventually detaches.
5. In sexual reproduction, which cell division process ensures the proper number of chromosomes in offspring?
(a) Mitosis
(b) Meiosis
(c) Binary fission
(d) Fragmentation
Explanation: Meiosis is the cell division process that reduces the chromosome number by half, ensuring that the fusion of male and female gametes restores the correct number of chromosomes in offspring.
6. Which of the following is NOT a part of the female reproductive system?
(a) Ovary
(b) Uterus
(c) Vas deferens
(d) Fallopian tube
Explanation: The vas deferens is part of the male reproductive system, responsible for transporting sperm. The female reproductive system includes the ovary, uterus, and fallopian tubes.
7. In flowering plants, the process of transferring pollen from the anther to the stigma is called:
(a) Fertilization
(b) Pollination
(c) Germination
(d) Spore formation
Explanation: Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the male part (anther) of a flower to the female part (stigma), leading to fertilization.
8. Which method of reproduction involves the regrowth of an entire organism from a part of its body?
(a) Budding
(b) Fragmentation
(c) Spore formation
(d) Vegetative propagation
Explanation: In fragmentation, an organism breaks into parts, each capable of growing into a new individual. This method is observed in organisms like Spirogyra.
9. Which of the following is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
(a) It produces many offspring
(b) It leads to a lack of genetic diversity
(c) It requires two parents
(d) It is a slow process
Explanation: Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent, which limits genetic diversity and adaptability to changing environments.
10. What role does the placenta play during pregnancy in humans?
(a) It helps with the exchange of gases
(b) It facilitates the growth of the embryo
(c) It allows the exchange of nutrients and waste between mother and embryo
(d) It produces sperm cells
Explanation: The placenta facilitates the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the mother and the developing embryo.
11. Which organism reproduces by fragmentation?
(a) Hydra
(b) Planaria
(c) Amoeba
(d) Plasmodium
Explanation: Planaria can regenerate from any fragment of their body, a process known as fragmentation, leading to the formation of new individuals.
12. Which part of the flower produces pollen grains?
(a) Ovary
(b) Stigma
(c) Anther
(d) Sepals
Explanation: The anther is the part of the stamen that produces pollen grains, which contain the male reproductive cells.
13. In which of the following does multiple fission occur?
(a) Plasmodium
(b) Amoeba
(c) Hydra
(d) Bryophyllum
Explanation: Plasmodium, the parasite that causes malaria, reproduces by multiple fission, where one organism divides into many daughter cells simultaneously.
14. Which of the following is a form of vegetative propagation in plants?
(a) Binary fission
(b) Budding
(c) Layering
(d) Spore formation
Explanation: Layering is a method of vegetative propagation where a stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil to develop new roots, giving rise to a new plant.
15. The fusion of male and female gametes is known as:
(a) Pollination
(b) Fertilization
(c) Germination
(d) Reproduction
Explanation: Fertilization is the process in which the male and female gametes combine to form a zygote, which will develop into a new organism.
16. Which of the following is a method of asexual reproduction in Hydra?
(a) Budding
(b) Fragmentation
(c) Binary fission
(d) Spore formation
Explanation: Hydra reproduces asexually by budding, where a new organism grows from a small bud on the parent organism and detaches when fully developed.
17. What is the name of the specialized tissue through which the embryo receives nutrition from the mother?
(a) Ovary
(b) Placenta
(c) Uterus
(d) Fallopian tube
Explanation: The placenta is the specialized tissue that connects the embryo to the mother’s blood supply, providing nutrients and oxygen while removing waste.
18. Which of the following is NOT a method of contraception?
(a) Copper-T
(b) Vasectomy
(c) Pollination
(d) Oral contraceptives
Explanation: Pollination is a process in plants where pollen is transferred from the male to the female parts for fertilization. Copper-T, vasectomy, and oral contraceptives are methods of contraception in humans.
19. How does binary fission differ from multiple fission?
(a) Binary fission divides into many cells simultaneously, while multiple fission divides into two.
(b) Binary fission divides into two cells, while multiple fission divides into many cells.
(c) Binary fission occurs in humans, while multiple fission occurs in plants.
(d) Binary fission does not involve cell division, while multiple fission does.
Explanation: Binary fission involves the division of one cell into two identical cells, while multiple fission involves one cell dividing into many daughter cells.
20. Which reproductive strategy involves the formation of spores?
(a) Budding
(b) Spore formation
(c) Binary fission
(d) Vegetative propagation
Explanation: Spore formation is a reproductive strategy in organisms like fungi, where spores are produced in sporangia, capable of developing into new individuals under favorable conditions.
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