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NCERT Based MCQ with Explanation:
1. What is the primary focus of biotechnology as described in the chapter?
(a) Small-scale production of chemicals
(b) Industrial-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals
(c) Development of synthetic fertilizers
(d) Creation of non-genetically modified organisms
Explanation: The chapter states that biotechnology deals with the industrial-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals using genetically modified organisms, highlighting its large-scale application.
2. Which of the following is NOT an application of biotechnology?
(a) Diagnostics
(b) Waste treatment
(c) Mechanical engineering
(d) Energy production
Explanation: The chapter lists therapeutics, diagnostics, waste treatment, and energy production as applications of biotechnology, but mechanical engineering is unrelated to this field.
3. What is one of the critical research areas in biotechnology?
(a) Developing artificial intelligence
(b) Providing the best catalyst in the form of an improved organism
(c) Creating synthetic fabrics
(d) Building faster computers
Explanation: The chapter identifies providing the best catalyst (e.g., microbes or enzymes) as a key research area in biotechnology.
4. How did the Green Revolution increase food supply?
(a) By eliminating all pests
(b) Through improved crop varieties and agrochemicals
(c) By reducing the use of fertilizers
(d) By banning genetically modified crops
Explanation: The chapter explains that the Green Revolution tripled food supply using improved crop varieties, better management practices, and agrochemicals like fertilizers and pesticides.
5. Why are agrochemicals often inaccessible to farmers in developing countries?
(a) They are ineffective
(b) They are too expensive
(c) They are banned globally
(d) They require advanced machinery
Explanation: The chapter notes that agrochemicals are often too costly for farmers in developing countries, limiting their use.
6. What does the term "totipotency" refer to in plant tissue culture?
(a) Ability to resist pests
(b) Capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell or explant
(c) Resistance to drought
(d) Production of toxins
Explanation: Totipotency is defined as the ability of a plant cell or explant to regenerate into a complete plant, a key concept in tissue culture.
7. What is micro-propagation?
(a) Production of small seeds
(b) Propagation of thousands of plants through tissue culture
(c) Use of microbes to clean water
(d) Genetic modification of bacteria
Explanation: The chapter describes micro-propagation as a tissue culture method to produce large numbers of genetically identical plants rapidly.
8. What are somaclones?
(a) Plants resistant to viruses
(b) Genetically identical plants derived from tissue culture
(c) Hybrid plants from somatic fusion
(d) Plants with enhanced nutritional value
Explanation: Somaclones are plants produced via micro-propagation that are genetically identical to the original plant.
9. Which part of a plant is typically free of viruses, making it ideal for producing virus-free plants?
(a) Roots
(b) Leaves
(c) Meristem (apical and axillary)
(d) Stem
Explanation: The chapter explains that meristems are virus-free, allowing scientists to culture them in vitro to produce healthy, virus-free plants.
10th Science MCQ - NCERT Based10. Which food plant has been successfully cultured to produce virus-free plants?
(a) Wheat
(b) Sugarcane
(c) Rice
(d) Barley
Explanation: The chapter mentions sugarcane as an example of a plant where meristem culture has produced virus-free plants.
11. What are protoplasts?
(a) Plant cells with intact cell walls
(b) Naked plant cells surrounded only by plasma membranes
(c) Genetically modified seeds
(d) Virus-infected cells
Explanation: Protoplasts are defined as plant cells with their cell walls removed, leaving only the plasma membrane, used in somatic hybridization.
12. What is the result of fusing protoplasts from two different plant varieties?
(a) Somaclones
(b) Transgenic plants
(c) Somatic hybrids
(d) Virus-free plants
Explanation: The chapter describes somatic hybridization as the fusion of protoplasts from different plant varieties to create hybrid plants called somatic hybrids.
13. What is a "pomato"?
(a) A pest-resistant tomato
(b) A somatic hybrid of potato and tomato
(c) A genetically modified rice
(d) A virus-free potato
Explanation: The chapter mentions the pomato as a somatic hybrid created by fusing tomato and potato protoplasts, though it wasn’t commercially successful.
14. What does GMO stand for?
(a) Genetically Modified Organism
(b) Growth-Monitoring Organism
(c) Gene-Mutated Organism
(d) Genetically Managed Organism
Explanation: The chapter defines GMOs as organisms (plants, bacteria, etc.) whose genes have been altered through genetic manipulation.
15. Which of the following is a benefit of genetically modified plants?
(a) Increased reliance on pesticides
(b) Tolerance to abiotic stresses like drought
(c) Reduced nutritional value
(d) Higher post-harvest losses
Explanation: GM plants are engineered to tolerate abiotic stresses such as cold, drought, and heat, as stated in the chapter.
16. What is the purpose of pest-resistant GM crops?
(a) To increase fertilizer use
(b) To reduce reliance on chemical pesticides
(c) To enhance soil fertility
(d) To increase water consumption
Explanation: The chapter explains that pest-resistant GM crops, like Bt cotton, reduce the need for chemical pesticides by producing their own bio-pesticides.
17. What bacterium produces Bt toxin?
(a) Escherichia coli
(b) Bacillus thuringiensis
(c) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae
Explanation: Bt toxin is produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), as noted in the chapter, and is used in pest-resistant crops.
18. Why doesn’t Bt toxin kill Bacillus thuringiensis?
(a) The toxin is inactive in the bacterium
(b) The bacterium is immune to all toxins
(c) The toxin is stored in a special sac
(d) The bacterium lacks a gut
Explanation: The chapter explains that Bt toxin exists as an inactive protoxin in the bacterium and only becomes active in the alkaline gut of an insect.
19. How does Bt toxin kill insects?
(a) By blocking their respiratory system
(b) By creating pores in midgut epithelial cells
(c) By inhibiting photosynthesis
(d) By reducing nutrient uptake
Explanation: The activated Bt toxin binds to midgut cells, forms pores, causes swelling and lysis, and kills the insect, as described in the chapter.
20. Which gene controls cotton bollworms in Bt cotton?
(a) cryIAb
(b) cryIAC
(c) cryIIAb
(d) cryIAd
Explanation: The chapter specifies that the cryIAC gene encodes a protein that controls cotton bollworms in Bt cotton.
21. What pest does the cryIAb gene target?
(a) Cotton bollworms
(b) Corn borer
(c) Beetles
(d) Tobacco budworm
22. Which organism parasitizes tobacco plant roots?
(a) Bacillus thuringiensis
(b) Meloidegyne incognitia
(c) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
(d) Escherichia coli
23. What process is used to protect tobacco plants from nematodes?
(a) Somatic hybridization
(b) RNA interference (RNAi)
(c) Tissue culture
(d) Micro-propagation
24. What does RNAi involve?
(a) Amplification of DNA
(b) Silencing of specific mRNA with complementary dsRNA
(c) Production of Bt toxin
(d) Fusion of protoplasts
25. Which vector is used to introduce nematode-specific genes into plants?
(a) Escherichia coli
(b) Bacillus thuringiensis
(c) Agrobacterium
(d) Retrovirus
26. What is the result of dsRNA formation in transgenic plants?
(a) Increased pest resistance
(b) Silencing of nematode mRNA
(c) Enhanced photosynthesis
(d) Improved seed size
27. How has recombinant DNA technology impacted healthcare?
(a) By reducing the need for diagnostics
(b) By enabling mass production of safe therapeutics
(c) By eliminating all diseases
(d) By replacing surgery
28. How many recombinant therapeutics are approved worldwide?
(a) 12
(b) 20
(c) 30
(d) 50
29. How many recombinant therapeutics are marketed in India?
(a) 5
(b) 10
(c) 12
(d) 15
30. What was the source of insulin before recombinant DNA technology?
(a) Plants
(b) Pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs
(c) Synthetic chemicals
(d) Human blood
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