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NCERT Based MCQ with Explanation:
1. What is the primary reason for the uneven surface of the Earth?
(a) Volcanic eruptions
(b) Internal and external forces
(c) Human activities
(d) Solar radiation
Explanation: The Earth's surface is uneven due to the combined actions of internal (endogenic) forces, like tectonic movements, and external (exogenic) forces, such as erosion, which shape and modify the crust over time.
2. Which forces are responsible for building up parts of the Earth's surface?
(a) Exogenic forces
(b) Endogenic forces
(c) Gravitational forces
(d) Climatic forces
Explanation: Endogenic forces, originating within the Earth, such as diastrophism and volcanism, elevate or build up the Earth's surface, counteracting the wearing down by exogenic forces.
3. What term describes the wearing down of relief variations through erosion?
(a) Aggradation
(b) Degradation
(c) Gradation
(d) Denudation
Explanation: Gradation refers to the process of wearing down relief variations (degradation) and filling up depressions (aggradation) through erosion, aiming to level the Earth's surface.
4. Which of the following is an example of an exogenic force?
(a) Earthquakes
(b) Weathering
(c) Volcanism
(d) Plate tectonics
Explanation: Weathering is an exogenic process driven by external forces like sunlight and atmospheric conditions, unlike earthquakes, volcanism, and plate tectonics, which are endogenic.
5. What is the main source of energy for endogenic processes?
(a) Sunlight
(b) Geothermal heat
(c) Gravitational pull
(d) Wind energy
Explanation: Endogenic processes are powered by energy from within the Earth, primarily from radioactivity, rotational friction, and primordial heat, collectively termed geothermal heat.
6. Which process involves severe folding and mountain building?
(a) Epeirogeny
(b) Orogeny
(c) Erosion
(d) Deposition
Explanation: Orogeny refers to mountain-building processes involving severe folding and deformation of the Earth's crust, unlike epeirogeny, which involves broader uplift.
7. What is the primary difference between orogeny and epeirogeny?
(a) Orogeny involves uplift, epeirogeny involves folding
(b) Orogeny affects narrow belts, epeirogeny affects large areas
(c) Orogeny is exogenic, epeirogeny is endogenic
(d) Orogeny is slow, epeirogeny is rapid
Explanation: Orogeny builds mountains in narrow belts through folding, while epeirogeny uplifts or warps large crustal areas with simpler deformation.
8. Which of the following is a result of volcanism?
(a) Formation of sedimentary rocks
(b) Movement of molten rock to the surface
(c) Weathering of rocks
(d) Soil formation
Explanation: Volcanism involves the movement of magma (molten rock) toward or onto the Earth’s surface, forming volcanic features.
9. What is the ultimate source of energy for exogenic processes?
(a) Earth’s core
(b) Sun’s heat
(c) Tidal friction
(d) Radioactive decay
Explanation: Exogenic processes, such as weathering and erosion, derive their energy from the atmosphere, which is ultimately powered by solar heat.
10. Which force causes downslope movement of earth materials?
(a) Magnetic force
(b) Gravitational force
(c) Frictional force
(d) Chemical force
Explanation: Gravity drives the downslope movement of materials in processes like mass wasting and erosion by acting on all matter with a sloping surface.
Geography MCQ Class-9th11. What term describes the general process of stripping off or uncovering the Earth’s surface?
(a) Weathering
(b) Erosion
(c) Denudation
(d) Deposition
Explanation: Denudation is the overarching term for processes like weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and transportation that remove or uncover Earth materials.
12. Which climatic elements primarily control exogenic processes?
(a) Temperature and precipitation
(b) Wind and humidity
(c) Pressure and altitude
(d) Latitude and longitude
Explanation: Temperature and precipitation influence weathering, erosion, and other exogenic processes by affecting chemical reactions and material transport.
13. Why do exogenic processes vary across climatic regions?
(a) Due to differences in rock types
(b) Due to variations in thermal gradients and precipitation
(c) Due to human interference
(d) Due to tectonic activity
Explanation: Climatic factors like temperature (thermal gradients) and precipitation vary across regions, influencing the intensity and type of exogenic processes.
14. What is the primary role of vegetation in exogenic processes?
(a) It increases erosion
(b) It influences processes indirectly
(c) It prevents weathering
(d) It builds landforms
Explanation: Vegetation affects exogenic processes indirectly by stabilizing slopes, reducing erosion, and contributing to weathering through root action and organic decay.
15. Which factor determines the intensity of exogenic processes when climate is constant?
(a) Human activity
(b) Type and structure of rocks
(c) Altitude
(d) Latitude
Explanation: When climate is equal, the resistance of rocks (type and structure) determines how effectively exogenic processes like weathering and erosion operate.
16. What is weathering defined as?
(a) Transportation of debris
(b) Mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks
(c) Deposition of sediments
(d) Movement of tectonic plates
Explanation: Weathering involves breaking down rocks into smaller fragments mechanically or chemically through weather and climate elements.
17. Why is weathering considered an in-situ process?
(a) It involves significant transportation
(b) It occurs without much material movement
(c) It only happens underground
(d) It requires human intervention
Explanation: Weathering is an on-site process where rocks break down in place with little to no transport, distinguishing it from erosion.
18. Which of the following is NOT a major group of weathering processes?
(a) Chemical
(b) Physical
(c) Biological
(d) Tectonic
Explanation: Weathering includes chemical, physical, and biological processes, while tectonic processes relate to endogenic forces, not weathering.
19. Which process involves the dissolving of minerals by water?
(a) Oxidation
(b) Solution
(c) Hydration
(d) Carbonation
Explanation: Solution is a chemical weathering process where minerals dissolve in water, often aided by acidic conditions.
20. What accelerates chemical weathering reactions?
(a) Cold temperatures
(b) Presence of water and air
(c) Lack of vegetation
(d) High pressure
Explanation: Water and air (containing oxygen and carbon dioxide) along with heat speed up chemical reactions like oxidation and carbonation in weathering.
21. Which physical weathering process is caused by temperature changes?
(a) Abrasion
(b) Thermal expansion
(c) Hydration
(d) Solution
22. How do plant roots contribute to weathering?
(a) By dissolving minerals chemically
(b) By mechanically breaking rocks apart
(c) By transporting debris
(d) By preventing erosion
23. What is exfoliation in the context of weathering?
(a) Dissolving of rock surfaces
(b) Flaking off of curved sheets from rocks
(c) Movement of debris downslope
(d) Formation of soil
24. What is a direct result of weathering processes?
(a) Formation of mountains
(b) Creation of regolith
(c) Deposition of sediments
(d) Tectonic uplift
25. Why is weathering significant for biodiversity?
(a) It creates tectonic plates
(b) It forms soils that support vegetation
(c) It causes volcanic eruptions
(d) It transports sediments
26. What process concentrates valuable ores like iron and manganese?
(a) Erosion
(b) Weathering
(c) Deposition
(d) Volcanism
27. What drives mass movements of rock debris?
(a) Wind
(b) Gravity
(c) Running water
(d) Glaciers
28. Which of the following is NOT a geomorphic agent in mass movements?
(a) Gravity
(b) Running water
(c) Slope angle
(d) Weathered material
29. What type of mass movement involves slow, gradual shifting?
(a) Slide
(b) Fall
(c) Creep
(d) Flow
30. Which condition favors mass movements?
(a) Flat terrain
(b) Steep slopes
(c) Dense vegetation
(d) Dry climate
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